Contents

• Preface ■ V

• Acknowledgments ■ ix

• Part One: Overview ■ 1

• Approaches the Ford Foundation Has Supported in the Field of Community Forestry in Asia ■ 1

  • Introduction ■ 1

  • History of Ford Foundation Involvement in Community Forestry in Asia ■ 4

  • Elements of Community Forestry Supported by the Foundation ■ 8

• Part Two: The Elements of Community Forestry ■ 11

• Access and Rights to Forest Products and Land for Local People ■ 11

  • Distribution of Rights Between Governments and Forest Users ■ 11

  • Distribution of Rights Among Communities of Forest Users ■ 17

  • Distribution of Rights Within Communities of Forest Users ■ 17

  • What Happens When the Resource Becomes Valuable? ■ 18

• Community-Based Organizations for Forest Management ■ 20

  • Developing a Community-Based Organization ■ 20

  • Differing Levels of Autonomy ■ 20

  • Federations as a Means to Strengthen the Power of Local Organizations ■ 24

• Multiple-Use Management of the Forest Resource ■ 25

  • Agroforestry ■ 26

  • Natural Forest Regeneration ■ 26

  • Nontimber Forest Products ■ 27

• Institutional Change and New Collaborative Relationships ■ 30

  • Forest Departments: Providing an Institutional Base for Community Forestry ■ 31

    • Working Groups: A Mechanism for Institutional Change ■ 32

    • Institutionalization ■ 34

    • Expansion ■ 37